3.9 References Cited

The format described here is to be used only for ARTICLES, REPORTS, COMMENTS, FORUM manuscripts, and BOOK REVIEW ESSAYS. For the format to be used for REVIEWS, see section 3.5. The reference section begins a new page, under the primary heading REFERENCES CITED, and must be double spaced throughout. Entries should be flush left with an extra space between each entry. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of all references used. All references cited in the text must appear in the References Cited section list (except for personal communications and primary-source materials), and all entries in the list must be cited in the text.

Alphabetize the References Cited section by the last names of authors, and use complete first names and middle initials for authors and editors as they appear on the title page of the work. (Use initials only for authors known by initials [e.g., C. S. Lewis]). "Mc" should be alphabetized as if it were spelled "Mac." Two or more works by the same author or authors should be listed chronologically; two or more by the same author or authors in the same year should be listed in the order they are first referred to in the text and differentiated by lowercase letters following the date (i.e., 1991a, 1991b; see examples below). An exception is discussed in subsection 3.4.5 above. Arrange the parts of each reference in the general order: author(s), date, title, publisher, location of publisher. For name of publisher, do not include "and Company," "Inc.," "Publishers," "Publishing Company," etc. Except in the most obvious cases (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, Lima, Bogotá, Mexico City, Paris, London [England], etc.), include state name (but spell out the state name and do not use the United States Postal Service abbreviations) along with city, and, if necessary, country, name for place of publication. Follow the examples given below for arrangement. When in doubt about what to include in a reference, and if no suitable example occurs below, include all information appearing on the title page of the work and the managing editor will make the appropriate deletions. Reproduce punctuation and spelling of words in a title exactly, and consult subsection 3.3.12 for the use of accents in titles.

3.9.1 Book, single author

Note: Use appropriate format for foreign-language titles with respect to capitalization, accents, etc. For titles published in non-Roman alphabets—Chinese, Cyrillic, etc.—give title in Romanized transcription when possible, with English translation of the title following immediately in brackets.

3.9.2 Book, multiple authors

Note: Place only the first author's name in reverse order and always use serial commas when two or more authors are included. This example also illustrates how to treat a later edition. For ordinal number of edition, use 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, etc., and set off numbered editions with periods. Also, note whether an edition is revised or if it is a facsimile edition, and note that the letters following the edition number are not superscripted.

3.9.3 Edited or compiled book (editor or compiler as "author")

3.9.4 Translated book

3.9.5 Reissued or reprinted book

When it is desirable to indicate the original publication date of a book together with the reissue or reprint date (see subsection 3.4.14 above), the following format should be used.

Note: Corresponding citations in the text would be, e.g., (Russell and Erwin 1980 [1865]).

In cases where a century or less separate the original date of publication from the reprint or reissue date, use this format:

Note: The corresponding text citation would be (Densmore 1970).

3.9.6 Book or other item, no author

3.9.7 Multivolume set

Note: The name of the set is italicized, and the volume number follows, set off by a comma, to specify reference to a single volume. The reference must be unequivocal about whether a particular volume or the entire set is referenced, and which volume in each case. See subsection 3.4.10 for citation format for single volumes when more than one is cited.

3.9.8 Titled volume/monograph in a series

Note: Italicize the title of the volume/monograph and list the series name, publisher, and place of publication in the format given above. Note that in the first two examples no comma precedes "Vol." because these examples are not volumes in the true sense (as in subsection 3.9.7 above), but rather are distinct numbered monographs in a series (not a set).

3.9.9 Article in a journal

Note: Issue number is not used when the journal is paginated continuously (sequentially paged) throughout the volume (see next example). Note also that both journals always employ all digits in page references.

Note: If each issue of a journal begins with page 1, the issue number must be included, in parentheses, following the volume number.

3.9.10 Article, group author

3.9.11 Article in a magazine, no author

Note: This format also applies to encyclopedia entries. Discount the initial article when alphabetizing. For an authored article in a magazine, follow the format for an article in a journal, but use the date, month, and page numbers as specified here.

3.9.12 Item in a newspaper

When nonauthored items appear:

When authored items appear:

3.9.13 Article in edited book or monograph

Note: Multiple editors are listed in full; "et al." is not used here.

3.9.14 Article in edited volume in a series

Note: The same reference format is used for articles in the Handbook of Middle American Indians and the Handbook of South American Indians.

Note: When the volumes are individually titles, the volume title is italicized; otherwise, the series name is italicized. The editor's name follows the volume title or series name and volume number, and is followed by the inclusive page numbers.

3.9.15 Article in proceedings, transactions, or annual reports series

3.9.16 Paper presented at a meeting

Note: Written permission from the author(s) of a presented paper must be obtained before it may be cited. Use Roman or Arabic numerals for the number of the conference, congress, etc., as is used in the name and be sure to include the location.

3.19.17 A book review

3.9.18 Contract and proprietary reports

Use the following format only for reports that are not published as parts of any series. When a series is identified (e.g., Archaeological Series, Arizona State Museum; Research Series, Arkansas Archeological Survey), follow the format for volumes/monographs in a series given in subsections 3.9.8 and 3.9.14 above. Otherwise, cite by author(s), editor(s), or compilers, as appropriate; date of completion or submission; and title. Follow that with the name of the institution through which the report was prepared, and then the agency or institution that paid for the report. Occasionally these will be the same; if so, indicate that clearly. Contract numbers should be given when available, and National Technical Information Service (NTIS) numbers when appropriate. In an effort to alleviate the problem of nonavailability of "gray" literature, indicate where copies may be obtained. Cite only materials that are publicly available. Authors should make special efforts to obtain all the listed information for their citations, even when some is not given in the publication.

3.9.19 Dissertation or thesis

If you consult a non-microfilm copy of a dissertation or thesis, use the following format:

If you consult a University Microfilms copy of a dissertation or thesis:

Note: For a Master's thesis, use the designation "Master's thesis" in place of "Ph.D. dissertation." Be sure to indicate where the thesis or dissertation can be located.

3.9.20 In-press manuscript (article or book)

These formats should be used only if a manuscript has been accepted for publication.

Note: Material submitted but not yet accepted for publication (i.e., still under consideration) should be referenced in manuscript form (see subsection 3.9.21).

Note: Use this format when it is certain that the item will be published in the year cited.

3.9.21 Unpublished manuscript

All use of unpublished manuscripts requires written permission from the author(s), or in cases where materials are held by a repository, permission from the repository. Cite the year in which the manuscript was written. Never use "n.d." If a date is not available, give a best estimate (e.g., ca. 1962, ca. 1970s). All updates should be furnished as available (i.e., if an unpublished manuscript is accepted for publication).

If you are referencing your own unpublished material, or a copy of someone else's unpublished material that is in your possession, give complete information about where a copy may be obtained, including, for example, university department name, university and city branch if more than one, and city and state names if they cannot be determined from university name.

Note: It is not acceptable to use the format "Ms. in possession of author."

If you are referencing materials such as field notes, reports, etc., that are on file in a repository, consider the following examples:

Note: If the material is untitled, give it a brief description (write with sentence-style capitalization).

3.9.22 Web pages and electronic documents

Use the following format to reference web pages and electronic documents: