3.4 In-Text Reference CitationsThere are two different formats used for in-text citations in the journals. REVIEWS and BOOK NOTES follow the format given in section 3.5; ARTICLES, REPORTS, COMMENTS, FORUM contributions and BOOK REVIEW ESSAYS use the style described immediately below. In-text year citations always immediately follow the name(s) of the author(s). All of the examples make use of parentheses in their ordinary format. However, when reference citations are used in textual material set off in parentheses, the parentheses in the citations convert to brackets. Example: (e.g., Shapere [1985] on the constitution of "observations" in physics, and Kosso [1989] on observation in science generally). For examples of citations in quoted material see subsection 3.3.6 above. (Wylie 1991) or Wylie (1991) (Lipe and Varien 1999) or Lipe and Varien (1999) (Cobean et al. 1991) or Cobean et al. (1991) Note: Use of "et al." is limited to in-text citations. The only time all names should be listed for a paper with three or more authors in a text citation is when a person is senior author of more than one jointly authored item in the same year. Example: Barnosky, Anderson, and Bartlein (1987) and Barnosky, Grimm, and Wright (1987) would appear as shown, not as Barnosky et al. (1987a, 1987b). Whereas the use of et al. is permissible in in-text citations, in the References Cited section all names must be listed following the senior author's name.
(Ashmore 1986; Coe 1965; de Montmollin 1988; Fox 1987, 1991; Freidel 1986; Freidel and Schele 1986; Freidel et al. 1990) Note: Use semicolons to separate works by different authors and commas to separate distinct, chronologically ordered works by the same author. References are always ordered alphabetically within strings by author. Note that de Montmollin is alphabetized here under "d," as the name would also be alphabetized in the References Cited section.
(Jones and Brown 1972a, 1972b; Wilson 1973c) or Jones and Brown (1972a, 1972b) and Wilson (1973c) Note: When an individual or individuals have both authored and edited (or compiled) publications with the same date, and both are cited, the edited (or compiled) volume is to be distinguished in citation as follows. Example: (Adams, ed. 1977) or Adams (ed. 1977). Edited (or compiled) volumes are so identified in the text only when potential ambiguity occurs. The authored publication precedes the edited (or compiled) one in both citation and reference. Example: (Flannery 1976; Flannery, ed. 1976) or Flannery (1976) and Flannery (ed. 1976).
(J. Smith 1982; N. Smith 1982) or J. Smith (1982) and N. Smith (1982)
(Smith 1982; Smith 1987) or Smith (1982), Smith (1987)
(United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USDA, SCS] 1975) Note: State the complete name of the agency, company, etc., as with any other citation, but if the citation will occur more than once in the text, then abbreviate names to their commonly accepted acronyms and place in brackets. Thereafter when mentioned in the text the citation will be, e.g., (USDA, SCS 1975) or USDA, SCS (1975).
(Smith 1977:3), (Jones and Wilson 1971:Figure 2), (Johnson et al. 1970:Table 1), (Taylor 1964:23, 72–78) or Smith (1977:3), Jones and Wilson (1971:Figure 2), Brown (1968:533–534), Johnson et al. (1970:Table 1), Taylor (1964:23, 72–78) Note: Use a colon to separate date of publication from additional information. There should be no space between the colon and additional information. Page numbers must always be given when direct quotations are used in the text, when other authors' ideas are directly paraphrased, or when specific ideas or data are referenced from a long text. Always use full page numbers in a citation, e.g., 312–315, not 312–15. Never use ff. or passim (however, it is permissible to use "ff." as an abbreviation for folios). Spell out and capitalize such words as Figure, Table, Plate, etc. If citing a figure, table, etc., do not include the page number on which it occurs unless additional, separate textual information from that page is being cited as well. (Thwaites 1896--1901:17:232--236, 19:197) or Thwaites (1896--1901:17:232--236, 19:197) Note: In this example, "17" and "19" refer to the volume numbers. Volume number should be cited exactly as it appears in the series, i.e., in Roman numerals or in Arabic numerals.
(Kuttruff 1992) or Kuttruff (1992) Note: Everything has a date. Never use "n.d." or "in press" with in-text citations. Give date either of manuscript completion (in the case of a manuscript that is "on file" somewhere), or of manuscript submission or anticipated publication date for an item that has been accepted for publication. Also see subsection 3.9.20 below. Cite the group or agency issuing the report or the publisher. (United Nations 1963), (Committee on Ethics 1977), or United Nations (1963), Committee on Ethics (1977) Note: Also see subsection 3.9.6 below. Citations for much primary-source material will be archive specific, so that it is impossible to devise a rote formula for citation. It is important to include the name of the archive, title of the work (if named), nature of the material (e.g., letter [optional], collection name, identification number (legajo, fascicle, folio, etc.), date (if known), and geographic location of material. Consider the following examples: (Archivo General de la Nación, Lima [AGN], Juzgado de Aguas 3.3.7.23, f. 3v); note that subsequent citations would use only the acronym AGN and the shortened "Aguas" (e.g., AGN, Aguas 3.3.4.39, 3.3.9.9) (Archivo General de Indias, Seville [AGI], Papeles de Cuba, legajo 2365, f. 345); subsequent citation = (AGI, Cuba, legajo 2365, f. 523) (McHenry County Courthouse, Woodstock, Illinois [MCC] 1880: Deed Book [DB] 1:5); subsequent citation = (MCC 1890:DB 2:10) (Raimond Quenel, Etienne Govreau, and Marie Louise Quenel to de Gruys Verloins, sale of property, 8 February 1752, Kaskaskia Manuscripts [KM], Office of Randolph County Clerk, Chester, Illinois); subsequent citation = (KM 52:2:8:1) (F. Boas to E. B. Howard, letter, 9 May 1935, Boas Papers, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia) Note: Primary-source citations appear only in the text and are not duplicated in the References Cited section. If you are citing primary-source material from a published source, you must follow conventional citation rules in the text and in the References Cited. It is preferable to cite Latin American codices by the editor of the particular edition of the codex used (unless the actual document was consulted), e.g., (Dibble 1980) for the sixteenth-century Codice Xolotl. See corresponding example in subsection 3.9.3.
In cases where many years separate the original publication of an item and a reprinted edition, and where it is important to the author's argument to indicate the use of period sources, the original date of publication should be placed in brackets following citation, in usual fashion, of the reprint edition. (Cobo 1956:169 [1653]) (Russell and Erwin 1980 [1865]) Note: See corresponding examples in subsection 3.9.5.
(Weekly Missouri Courier [WMC], 7 July 1838:page numbers [if available]) Note: After first mention, simply use WMC with date and page. Also see subsection 3.9.12.
(Katharina Schreiber, personal communication 1990) or Katharina Schreiber (personal communication 1990) Note: Give full name and date. Personal communications should be used sparingly and should never be used when a published citation is available for the same information. Written permission to use any information provided in a personal communication must be obtained from the person(s) providing it. Personal communication citations appear only in the text and are not duplicated in the References Cited section.
Treat web pages and electronic documents as published data, but cite the document accordingly as a single- or multiple-authored document, or as one produced by a group or agency (no author specified). For example: (Glascock 2001; Shackley 2001) or Glascock (2001), Shackley (2001); likewise, for a group citation use (Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory 2001), or Northwest Research Obsidian Laboratories (2001). |