3.3 Textual ElementsPrimary heads should be centered, in bold, with principal words capitalized (excluding articles, prepositions, and conjunctions less than five letters long), and two lines of space above and below. Do not use "INTRODUCTION" or "ABSTRACT" as headings. Secondary heads should be typed flush left and set in italics, using initial capital letters on principal words, with a single line of space above and below. Tertiary heads should be typed as part of the paragraph, with a paragraph indentation, the head italicized, capital letters on significant words, followed by a period, and followed by the beginning of the text of the paragraph. Example: "Acknowledgments. Fieldwork since 1986 has been supported by National Science Foundation grant…" Note that References Cited and Notes are primary-level headings. When cardinal numbers are used, all numbers above nine should be expressed in Arabic numerals (except as noted below); spell out numbers zero through nine. On a paragraph-by-paragraph basis, when the majority of numbers is above nine, the numbers zero through nine are often expressed numerically as well. Use commas to indicate places in Arabic numerals: e.g., 5,000; 10,000; 240,000; 1,000,000. Exceptions to these general rules are as follows: 1. Spell out any number that begins a sentence. Examples: Twelve of the vessels (or can be rephrased as "A total of 12 vessels was analyzed…") or "Five hundred years ago…" 2. Spell out numbers that are used in a general sense in the text. Example: "Several hundred sherds were recovered…" Ordinal numbers are always spelled out in text. Examples: "During the seventh cycle," "In the eighteenth century," "In the fiftieth percentile." In the References Cited section, use ordinal numbers to indicate at which annual meeting a paper was presented. Example: "Paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology…" Dates should be expressed as follows: 250 years; on October 3, 1952 (but see subsection 3.9.12 on citation of newspapers); in the nineteenth century (not 19th); during the 1970s (not 1970's); 1921–1925 (not 1921–5 or 1921–25). (See subsection 3.3.5 on the expression of radiometric dates.) Official site numbers should be included with the site names whenever possible. Smithsonian Trinomial System (STS) site numbers are preferred (e.g., 23SG5); do not use hyphens between components of the trinomial and use only capital letters for the county designation. Where the STS is not employed use the accepted numbering system for that region. All measurements of distance, area, volume, and weight should be expressed in the metric system unless reporting an older excavation conducted in the English system, in which case the English equivalent should follow the metric in parentheses (abbreviated without a period; e.g., 8 in). Thus, centimeters, meters, kilometers, liters, grams, and hectares are used, not inches, feet, gallons, acres, miles. The metric units are abbreviated without periods; liters, however, is not abbreviated to avoid confusion with the Arabic numeral "1." Examples: 18 cm, 3 m, 12 km, 28 ha, 6 m2, 2 liters. Leave a space between the number and the abbreviation. All measurements should be expressed with Arabic numerals and abbreviated except when they are used nonspecifically, appear at the beginning of a sentence, or as noted above. Examples: "Several cubic meters of fill," "Three kilometers from the site." A metric conversion table can be found in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed.
Mathematical copy should be used sparingly. For displayed equations, allow ample space above and below the equation (setting it off from the text) and between elements of the equation or formula (around equal signs, for example). Except for commonly accepted Greek symbols, letters that represent mathematical variables should be italicized. All symbols that might be ambiguous or confusing to the editorial staff should be noted in the left-hand margin and identified by the name of the symbol. Example: For "x," indicate whether a lowercase Greek chi, a multiplication sign, or a variable is intended; or better, format as χ. For "B," indicate whether a capitalized BEE or a Greek Beta is meant; or better, format as β. Use p (for probability), s (for sample standard deviation), σ (for population standard deviation), μ (for population mean), χ2 (for Chi-squared), α for the rejection region (or probability of a Type I error in inductive statistical tests); etc. Statistical expressions should be typed as follows:
Never use leading zeros (e.g., 0.05) in text, figures, or tables. Leave one space around = or ≠ signs.
In all instances where radiocarbon dates are reported for the first time the following conventions must be employed. However, if the date was first published elsewhere, it is only necessary to cite that reference (with page number[s]). The uncalibrated radiocarbon age must be given in the first direct citation. Uncalibrated radiocarbon ages must (1) be based on the 5,568-year 14C half-life (divide radiocarbon ages based on the 5,730-year half-life by 1.03); (2) be expressed as years—do not convert to radiocarbon years A.D./B.C.; (3) be followed by the 1-sigma (σ) standard error as given by the laboratory; (4) include the sample identification number given by the laboratory (use conventions established for laboratory abbreviations used in the journal Radiocarbon); (5) state what material was dated (e.g., wood, charcoal, corn cob, bone apatite); and (6) state whether the date has been corrected for isotopic fractionation. If a 13C value was given by the laboratory, then this correction has been made. The best way to indicate this is to provide the 13C value. Example: 3680 ± 60 (Pts-3964; wood charcoal; δ13C = -23.8‰). Calibrated dates must always be identified as such, using the conventions cal A.D. or cal B.C. (note the placement of cal and the punctuation). Authors must identify the particular calibration used, must state whether the calibration is made for 1 or 2σ (2 preferred), and present the calibrated age as a range of calendar age (or ranges where more than one is possible). If there is more than one possible range of calendar age, and the calibration program assigns probabilities to each, these must be cited. Example: For the date 3680 ± 60 the two possible calibrated age ranges are 2279–2232 cal B.C. (p = .05) and 2209–1905 cal B.C. (p = .95). (Calibrated at 2s with the program CALIB 3.2 [Stuiver and Reimer 1993; Stuiver et al. 1998].) If many calibrated dates are included in a manuscript, then presentation in the form of a table is advised (see, for example, Table 2 in Little, American Antiquity 67:112). Unlike other four-digit numbers, radiocarbon ages with four digits do not have a comma. Radiocarbon ages with five digits do have a comma. The Spanish equivalents for these conventions are illustrated in the following examples (note carefully the placement of the letters in relation to the numbers): for 3000 B.P., use 3000 a.P.; for 500 cal B.C., use 500 cal a.C.; and for cal A.D. 1200, use 1200 cal d.C. The atomic weight of an isotope is indicated as a superscript preceding the atomic symbol: 14C, not C-14 or C14. Quoted matter of less than four typed lines in length should be run into the text, between (double) quotation marks. Use single quotation marks only when it is necessary to have quotation marks within a quotation. After the quotation, cite author, year of publication, and page number(s) in parentheses. Example: Mental life, as such, cannot be grasped, but we can grasp the intention through the intentional product, "the objective and identical correlate in which mental life surpasses itself" (Ricoeur 1981:50). Quoted matter that runs to four or more typed lines should be set off from the text as a block quote and double spaced, with two lines of space above and below. Example: Most of the area is true savannah, the most difficult vegetation for the primitive farmer to cope with, and also the rains in general are undependable. …The only incentive for heavy settlement would be on the basis of irrigation agriculture, and … [at Zempoala] this incentive was presented [Sanders 1953:76]. Note: Brackets are used instead of parentheses within the excerpt for author-added material and for the citation. When emphasis is added or was already in the original material, the source of the emphasis should be noted after the citation, within the brackets. Example: [Sanders 1953:76; emphasis added] or [Sanders 1953:76; emphasis in original]. When a translation of material is made, it should follow the quotation, with translator noted. Example: [translation by Rowe (1980:15)] or [translation by author]. Refer to The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed., Chapter 10, for more information on quotations and for the correct use of ellipsis points. Leading ellipses are rarely necessary. The authority for spelling in both journals is Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed. For anything not in this work, consult Webster's Third New International Dictionary (unabridged). Use American English spellings (except in quotations and references and in referring to an institution when it is imperative to preserve the original spelling). When more than one spelling is offered for a word, use the first spelling listed, e.g., labeled, not labelled; archaeology, not archeology; artifact, not artefact; acknowledgments, not acknowledgements. Preferred spellings for some words commonly used in archaeological parlance include: fieldwork, rockshelter, ear spool, posthole, post mold, plow zone, use life, ball court, ground stone, pithouse, pit structure, room block, field house, X-ray (noun), x-ray (verb), cross section (noun), cross-section (verb). Spell out percent, except in tables, where % should be used (we put this in italics as it is the most common error encountered). The primary Spanish dictionary used by both journals is the Vox New College Spanish and English Dictionary, which contains many more of the words used in archaeological writing than do the other commonly available Spanish-English dictionaries. It also features special sections on Spanish grammatical conventions (e.g., capitalization, numerals, syntax). For authors writing in Spanish, the authoritative work is the latest edition of Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. Words in languages other than the primary language in which the manuscript is written are underlined or italicized in the manuscript. Use standard orthographies, including diacritical marks, and explain unusual symbols (also see subsection 3.3.12 on accents below). Generic, specific, and varietal names are italicized: e.g., Homo sapiens sapiens, Spondylus sp. All other taxonomic designations are printed in roman type. Titles of books, journals, poems, and other literary works are italicized when mentioned in the text; article titles mentioned in the text are in roman type, set off by quotation marks. Letters that represent mathematical variables are italicized (see subsection 3.3.4 above). Foreign words and phrases in common use, or anglicized, should not be italicized. Consult Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed.: Any word or phrase that appears in the main section of the dictionary should not be italicized (e.g., in situ, a priori, et al., vis-à-vis, milpa); any word that appears at the end of the dictionary in the section on "Foreign Words and Phrases" should be italicized (e.g., anno mundi, caveat lector). For capitalization of nonarchaeological terms, consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition, Chapter 7. Capitalize the names of specific archaeological and geographical areas. Examples: Mesoamerica, Lowland Maya, Gulf Coast, the Southwest, the Midwest. Directional, topographical, and general geographic terms are in lowercase unless they are derived from proper names of political, ethnic, or taxonomic entities. Examples: southwestern, north coast of Peru, central Mexico; but Mesoamerican region, Maya Lowlands, Sonoran Desert, Eastern Woodlands. Capitalize taxonomic names of generic and higher rank. Examples: order Artiodactyla, family Bovidae, genus Bison, Pinus ponderosa. Names of mountains, rivers, oceans, and so forth are capitalized, along with the generic terms—such as lake, mountain, river, valley—when used as part of a name. When a generic term is used descriptively rather than as part of the name, when used alone, or when plural, it is lowercased. Examples: the Mississippi River, the valley of the Mississippi, the Mississippi River valley, the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, but Lakes Michigan and Huron. Capitalize proper names, including Lower, Middle, Early, and Late when they are part of the name, of chronological, cultural, and geological divisions, but give taxonomic division names and restrictive modifiers in lowercase. Examples: Upper Paleolithic period, late Holocene, Classic period, Koster site, Anasazi (better: prehispanic Pueblo) culture, Upper Republican aspect, Olmec horizon, Riverton phase, Denali complex. Capitalize the names of archaeological classes, but place generic terms in lowercase. Examples: Clovis point, Cody knives, Hardin Barbed point, Salado polychromes (which include types Gila Polychrome, Tonto Polychrome, etc.). For rules governing hyphenation of nonarchaeological compound words, consult Table 6.1 in The Chicago Manual of Style, or Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed. Compounds are spelled without hyphens if they can be considered permanent combinations. Examples: rockshelter, preceramic, Postclassic, precolumbian, Paleoindian, preconquest; but pre-Basketmaker, mid-Pleistocene, etc. Prefixes in common use are not hyphenated. Examples: noncultural, reanalyze, infrastructure, intercommunity, intrasite. Hyphenate descriptive terms that are combinations of words including a preposition. Examples: red-on-buff pottery, 1-x-1-m unit. Hyphenate fractions when they are spelled out. Examples: one-third, seven-tenths. A general rule is to hyphenate paired words serving an adjectival function (termed compound modifiers). Examples: obsidian-hydration dating, heat-treated silicates, two-story pueblo, low-ranked resource but high return rate; 5-m depth but depth of 5 m. Never hyphenate a combination of an adverb ending in -ly plus a participle or adjective, e.g., poorly developed argument. Interdisciplinary research uses terminology and phrase constructions borrowed from a parent discipline such as isotope chemistry. If common usage in a parent discipline dictates leaving compound modifiers (such as “stable isotope ratio” or “heavy mineral analysis”) open, we will normally follow that usage. Abbreviations are used infrequently in the journals. Exceptions include acronyms for long titles of agencies, institutions, etc., which will be mentioned frequently in the text (they are always introduced following the full name). Examples: Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH). Metric units are given in abbreviated form when they follow numbers. Examples: 7 km, 2,000 m asl, 23 cm. See subsection 3.3.5 for information on placement of abbreviations pertinent to dates. A few other abbreviations are permitted. Examples: et al., e.g., i.e., ca., cf. ("compare against"; does not mean "see"), vs. (not versus), rev. ed., 3 vols. Never use ibid. or op. cit.; follow the conventions for in-text citations given in section 3.4. Always spell out percent except in tables. “Figure” is always spelled out, never abbreviated. For both journals, include all common accents for French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, etc., in the text and in the References Cited section. Be sure the accents are clearly marked, accurate, and consistent. Pay particular attention to proper names and titles of works (the rules of placement of accents in Spanish hold for all place names in Spanish, even on words that were hispanicized from other languages such as Nahuatl or Mayan, except for words that have accepted English spellings). Examples: Teotihuacan, Chichén Itzá, Copán, Kaminaljuyú. Foreign book titles set in all capital letters will not display accents, except for letters such as Ñ in Spanish. However, because the titles in the References Cited section of the journals are set with initial capitals only, the author is responsible for adding accents to a title if accents are used through the book or article (even if accents do not appear in the all-capitals title). Never add accents to initial capitals-only titles that do not have them in the original. |